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Hyperalgesia is an increased sensitivity to pain, which may be caused by damage to nociceptors or peripheral nerves. Temporary increased sensitivity to pain also occurs as part of sickness behavior, the evolved response to infection
Types
Hyperalgesia can be experienced in focal, discrete areas, or as a more diffuse, body-wide form. Conditioning studies have established that it is possible to experience a learned hyperalgesia of the latter, diffuse form.
The focal form is typically associated with injury, and is divided into two subtypes:
Primary hyperalgesia describes pain sensitivity that occurs directly in the damaged tissues.
Secondary hyperalgesia describes pain sensitivity that occurs in surrounding undamaged tissues.
Opioid-induced hyperalgesia may develop as a result of long-term opioid use in the treatment of chronic pain. Various studies of humans and animals have demonstrated that primary or secondary hyperalgesia can develop in response to both chronic and acute exposure to opioids. This side effect can be severe enough to warrant discontinuation of opioid treatment.
Causes
Hyperalgesia is induced by platelet-activating factor (PAF) which comes about in an inflammatory or an allergic response. This seems to occur via immune cells interacting with the peripheral nervous system and releasing pain-producing chemicals (cytokines and chemokines).
One unusual cause of focal hyperalgesia is platypus venom.
Treatment
Hyperalgesia is similar to other sorts of pain associated with nerve irritation or damage such as allodynia and neuropathic pain, and consequently may respond to standard treatment for these conditions, using various drugs such as SSRI or tricyclic antidepressants, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, gabapentin or pregabalin, NMDA antagonists, or atypical opioids such as tramadol.Where hyperalgesia has been produced by chronic high doses of opioids, reducing the dose may result in improved pain management. However, as with other forms of nerve dysfunction associated pain, treatment of hyperalgesia can be clinically challenging, and finding a suitable drug or drug combination that is effective for a particular patient may require trial and error.
How prescription medications work in the body to relieve pain-and, if you use these medications often, how to use them safely to avoid such potential problems as gastrointestinal bleeding and kidney damage
What is involved in spinal injection therapy, and what you need to consider before opting for this mode of back pain management
The risks and benefits of spinal injection therapy, electrical stimulation, traction, corsets, braces and belts
The maximum allowed dosage for temporary relief of back pain, muscular aches, strains and inflamed joints of the lumbar and sacral regions
Increases blood flow to speed relief
Easy-to-swallow, film coated tablets
Unit dose packets
Spanish labeling where possible
Each tablet contains:
Magnesium Salicylate 290mg; Acetaminophen 250mg; Caffeine 50mg
Available in the following package sizes:
*500 (250 x 2's) - Item 07313
200 (100 x 2's) - Item 07347
100 (50 x 2's) - Item 07333
*MediBucks Point Value = 50
While physicians will have different approaches to patient follow-up depending on their practice and the patient's clinical situation, some conditions that always warrant a call to a doctor following an epidural steroid injection include:
Experiencing a painful headache while sitting up or standing that feels better after lying down, which may indicate a dural puncture
Having a fever of 101 degrees or greater for more than 24 hours, which may be indicative of infection
Losing function or feeling in the legs or arms
Loss of bowel or bladder control (meaning either the inability to produce or hold urine or stools) after the local anesthetic and temporary numbness wear off
Severe pain not controlled by over-the-counter pain medication or other measures used in the past
All of these symptoms are atypical effects, and need to be assessed and addressed immediately by a professional.
Gilenya (fingolimod) is indicated for the treatment of patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) to reduce the frequency of exacerbations and to delay physical disability. Most common side effects with the use of Gilenya are headache, influenza, diarrhea, back pain, liver transaminase elevations, and cough.
The recommended dose for Gilenya is 0.5 mg orally once daily, with or without food. Gilenya may interact with beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, citalopram, chlorpromazine, digoxin, erythromycin, haloperidol, ketoconazole, medications to control the immune system, medications for cancer, heart problems, or high blood pressure, and methadone. Tell your doctor all medications and supplements you use. Gilenya may cause fetal harm. It takes approximately 2 months for Gilenya to be eliminated from the body. Women should avoid pregnancy during treatment with Gilenya and for 2 months after treatment. It is not known if Gilenya passes into breast milk. Women and their doctors should decide whether to take Gilenya or breastfeed. Women should not do both.
Preventing back pain or neck pain is often a matter of taking small precautions every day. The same is true for managing your pain. Below are some steps you can take so that you are the one in charge of how you feel. This section covers the things you can do to manage your back or neck pain yourself, including learning how to do daily chores and activities so it's safe for your back, developing an exercise program, adapting your lifestyle to your pain, and what to do to prevent the pain from returning.
Taking methadone improperly will increase your risk of serious side effects or death. Even if you have used other narcotic medications, you may still have serious side effects from methadone. Follow all dosing instructions carefully.
Like other narcotic medicines, methadone can slow your breathing, even long after the pain-relieving effects of the medication wear off. Death may occur if breathing becomes too weak. Never use more methadone than your doctor has prescribed. Call your doctor if you think the medicine is not working.
Do not stop using methadone suddenly, or you could have unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. Call your doctor if you miss doses or forget to take this medication for longer than 3 days in a row.
Do not drink alcohol. Methadone can increase the effects of alcohol, which could be dangerous. Check your food and medicine labels to be sure these products do not contain alcohol.
This medication may impair your thinking or reactions. Avoid driving or operating machinery until you know how methadone will affect you.
If overdose is suspected, contact a poison control center or emergency room immediately.
Notes
No monograph available at this time.
Missed Dose
Consult your pharmacist.
Storage
Consult your pharmacist.
Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do so. Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed. Consult your pharmacist or local waste disposal company for more details about how to safely discard your product.
Information last revised March 2013. Copyright(c) 2013 First Databank, Inc.
